John McCarthy, an American cognitive scientist and computer scientist, is recognized as one of the original founders of artificial Intelligence. His theories about intelligence are the basis of machine learning. McCarthy's ideas extend beyond AI. McCarthy was also an innovator in other areas of computer sciences, including Time-sharing technology, Chess programs, as well as the creation of LISP. We will be looking at his most significant ideas and learning what makes him so important in computer science's history.
The chess program
Charles Niessen and Elwyn Berlekamp were MIT freshman who wrote a chess system based in part on minmax concepts. McCarthy's original work was improved by the addition of an alpha-beta pruning algorithm, and a plausible generator. At the time, the computer program could calculate a single move in five to twenty minutes, depending on the difficulty.
Time-sharing technology
Time-sharing refers the concept of using one computer to allow interactive general-purpose computing. Early mainframe computers did not have the capacity to support multiple concurrent users and were therefore expensive. Computers can now share idle time or small chunks of input time with time-sharing systems. Many time-sharing computer systems work overnight in batch mode. Time-sharing computer systems were popular in scientific research during the 1950s.
LISP is created
McCarthy realized that McCarthy's language syntax was too complicated to write routines for a chess-playing computer when he began writing them. He devised the "true conditional expression" to solve this problem. If the test passes, the "true" conditional expression returns subexpression A. It returns subexpression B if it fails. The compiler evaluates only the returned subexpression.
Conservative politics
Pro-choice activists are being arrested by prominent Republicans and conservative pundits in an era of political division. This latest controversy is reminiscent of the McCarthy-era statute which prohibited protests against prosecutions of suspected communists. But, this manufactured outrage does not reflect the true issue. It is merely a distraction from the real issue: the threat posed by a conservative supermajority to take basic reproductive rights away from tens to millions of people living in approximately half of the country.
Work in artificial intelligence
John McCarthy graduated from Princeton with a PhD. He then co-founded the MIT Artificial Intelligence Systems Laboratory and Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. He was also a professor at Dartmouth, Stanford, and at Dartmouth. McCarthy received the A.M. Turing Award from the Association of Computing Machinery in 1971. This award is the highest honour in the field of computer sciences. In 1988, he was awarded the Kyoto Prize and the National Medal of Science. He was also a member of the National Academies.
FAQ
What is AI used today?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is an umbrella term for machine learning, natural language processing, robotics, autonomous agents, neural networks, expert systems, etc. It is also known as smart devices.
Alan Turing, in 1950, wrote the first computer programming programs. He was curious about whether computers could think. In his paper, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, he suggested a test for artificial Intelligence. This test examines whether a computer can converse with a person using a computer program.
John McCarthy in 1956 introduced artificial intelligence. He coined "artificial Intelligence", the term he used to describe it.
Today we have many different types of AI-based technologies. Some are simple and straightforward, while others require more effort. They can be voice recognition software or self-driving car.
There are two main categories of AI: rule-based and statistical. Rule-based uses logic to make decisions. For example, a bank balance would be calculated as follows: If it has $10 or more, withdraw $5. If it has less than $10, deposit $1. Statistics are used for making decisions. To predict what might happen next, a weather forecast might examine historical data.
Who invented AI?
Alan Turing
Turing was conceived in 1912. His father was a priest and his mother was an RN. He excelled in mathematics at school but was depressed when he was rejected by Cambridge University. He discovered chess and won several tournaments. He was a British code-breaking specialist, Bletchley Park. There he cracked German codes.
He died in 1954.
John McCarthy
McCarthy was conceived in 1928. McCarthy studied math at Princeton University before joining MIT. He developed the LISP programming language. He was credited with creating the foundations for modern AI in 1957.
He died on November 11, 2011.
AI is used for what?
Artificial intelligence (computer science) is the study of artificial behavior. It can be used in practical applications such a robotics, natural languages processing, game-playing, and other areas of computer science.
AI can also be referred to by the term machine learning. This is the study of how machines learn and operate without being explicitly programmed.
There are two main reasons why AI is used:
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To make our lives easier.
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To be able to do things better than ourselves.
Self-driving cars is a good example. AI can replace the need for a driver.
Statistics
- That's as many of us that have been in that AI space would say, it's about 70 or 80 percent of the work. (finra.org)
- In 2019, AI adoption among large companies increased by 47% compared to 2018, according to the latest Artificial IntelligenceIndex report. (marsner.com)
- More than 70 percent of users claim they book trips on their phones, review travel tips, and research local landmarks and restaurants. (builtin.com)
- Additionally, keeping in mind the current crisis, the AI is designed in a manner where it reduces the carbon footprint by 20-40%. (analyticsinsight.net)
- A 2021 Pew Research survey revealed that 37 percent of respondents who are more concerned than excited about AI had concerns including job loss, privacy, and AI's potential to “surpass human skills.” (builtin.com)
External Links
How To
How to set up Amazon Echo Dot
Amazon Echo Dot, a small device, connects to your Wi Fi network. It allows you to use voice commands for smart home devices such as lights, fans, thermostats, and more. To begin listening to music, news or sports scores, say "Alexa". Ask questions, send messages, make calls, place calls, add events to your calendar, play games and read the news. You can also get driving directions, order food from restaurants or check traffic conditions. Bluetooth headphones or Bluetooth speakers can be used in conjunction with the device. This allows you to enjoy music from anywhere in the house.
Your Alexa enabled device can be connected via an HDMI cable and/or wireless adapter to your TV. You can use the Echo Dot with multiple TVs by purchasing one wireless adapter. You can also pair multiple Echos at one time so that they work together, even if they aren’t physically nearby.
To set up your Echo Dot, follow these steps:
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Turn off your Echo Dot.
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The Echo Dot's Ethernet port allows you to connect it to your Wi Fi router. Turn off the power switch.
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Open the Alexa App on your smartphone or tablet.
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Select Echo Dot in the list.
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Select Add a new device.
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Select Echo Dot from among the options that appear in the drop-down menu.
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Follow the instructions on the screen.
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When asked, type your name to add to your Echo Dot.
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Tap Allow Access.
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Wait until the Echo Dot has successfully connected to your Wi-Fi.
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Repeat this process for all Echo Dots you plan to use.
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Enjoy hands-free convenience